Which procedure involves the removal of calcareous deposits from tooth surfaces?

The procedure that specifically involves the removal of calcareous deposits from tooth surfaces is scaling. Scaling targets calculus, commonly known as tartar, that accumulates on teeth due to plaque mineralization. This process is critical in maintaining oral health, as it helps prevent gum disease and cavities by effectively cleaning the tooth surfaces.

While prophylaxis is a broader term that may include scaling as a part of the service, it typically refers to a comprehensive dental cleaning that may also involve polishing and fluoride treatment. Root planing is a procedure aimed at smoothing the roots of the teeth to help with healing and reduces bacteria, particularly after scaling. Curettage refers to the scraping of the gingival tissue but does not specifically address the removal of calcareous deposits from the teeth themselves. Thus, scaling is the most accurate answer for the procedure that directly involves the removal of calculus.